让我们举个例子。这是一个执行托管成果的简朴智能合约。
就本钱而言，利用PUSH要领将数据存储在仓库上最自制。接下来是MSTORE要领，该要领将数据存储在RAM（系统内存）中。在这两种要领中，由于数据值是姑且的，因此它们在区块链上并不耐久。利用SSTORE要领（将数据存储在磁盘存储中）时，它变得耐久。 SSTORE要领也是最昂贵的，因为它将耐久性数据存储在区块链上。
"inputs": [
SLOAD SWAP1 PUSH2 0x100 EXP SWAP1 DIV PUSH20 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF
054906101000a900473ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1673ffffffff
0x40 MLOAD DUP1 SWAP2 SUB SWAP1 RETURN JUMPDEST PUSH1 0x0 DUP1 SWAP1
81858888f1935050505015801561027a573d6000803e3d6000fd5b505050565b6000809
"name": "withdraw",
pragma solidity ^0.5.1;
0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF AND DUP2 MSTORE PUSH1 0x20
0xEB JUMPI JUMPDEST PUSH1 0x0 DUP1 REVERT JUMPDEST CALLVALUE DUP1 ISZERO
}
JUMP JUMPDEST STOP JUMPDEST CALLVALUE DUP1 ISZERO PUSH2 0xF7 JUMPI
fffffffffffffffffff169060200190929190505050610368565b604051808281526020
0x20 ADD SWAP1 DUP2 MSTORE PUSH1 0x20 ADD PUSH1 0x0 KECCAK256 SLOAD
0xFDD04F06C882F1F7984C04829D2400 0xba 0xec DUP9 0xdc PUSH23 0x9500290000
00160008373ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1673ffffffffffffffff
"inputs": [
ISZERO ISZERO PUSH2 0x1AB JUMPI PUSH1 0x0 DUP1 REVERT JUMPDEST PUSH1
将代码从人类可读的ASCII字符编译为呆板可读的十六进制字符只是第一步。 接下来，，呆板代码必需执行所谓的操纵码(opcodes)。 操纵码(opcodes)汇报计较秘密执行哪些操纵。 我们有操纵码，操纵所依据的数据取决于操纵员将执行的操纵。
PUSH2 0x62 JUMPI PUSH1 0x0 DUP1 REVERT JUMPDEST POP PUSH2 0xA5 PUSH1
该图说明白与以太坊网络架构有关的EVM。
下面是从编译后的代码生成的bytecode的示例。
0;371:10;363:5;;:18;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;56:676;;;;;;"
DUP1 DUP1 CALLDATALOAD PUSH20 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF
AND PUSH20 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF AND DUP2 MSTORE
AND SWAP1 PUSH1 0x20 ADD SWAP1 SWAP3 SWAP2 SWAP1 POP POP POP PUSH2 0x27F
0x40 MLOAD DUP1 DUP3 DUP2 MSTORE PUSH1 0x20 ADD SWAP2 POP POP PUSH1
DUP2 SWAP1 SSTORE POP POP POP JUMP JUMPDEST PUSH1 0x1 PUSH1 0x20 MSTORE
000000000000000000000000000000000000 ",
凭据PEMDAS道理，x便是4和5乘以12的乘积。REVERT JUMPDEST PUSH1 0x0 CALLVALUE SWAP1 POP DUP1 PUSH1 0x1 PUSH1 0x0
CALLDATASIZE SUB PUSH1 0x20 DUP2 LT ISZERO PUSH2 0x10E JUMPI PUSH1 0x0
0191505060405180910390f35b6000809054906101000a900473fffffffffffffffffff
PUSH1 0x20 ADD SWAP1 DUP2 MSTORE PUSH1 0x20 ADD PUSH1 0x0 KECCAK256
0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF AND SWAP1 PUSH1 0x20 ADD
{
0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF AND PUSH20 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF
"type": "constructor"
ADD SWAP1 DUP2 MSTORE PUSH1 0x20 ADD PUSH1 0x0 KECCAK256 SLOAD ADD PUSH1
}
"constant": false,
操纵码是由CPU执行的汇编语言呼吁。 实际上，开拓人员可以利用汇编而不是高级编程代码来到达沟通的目标，可是要巨大得多。 对付大大都开拓人员而言，IDE的易用性和友好的UI会更好，而且大概会淘汰耗时。
"payable": true,
JUMPDEST PUSH2 0xE9 PUSH1 0x4 DUP1 CALLDATASIZE SUB PUSH1 0x20 DUP2 LT
deposits[payee] = deposits[payee] + amount;
FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF AND PUSH20 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF
0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF AND PUSH20 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF
"name": "",
0x27F JUMP JUMPDEST STOP JUMPDEST CALLVALUE DUP1 ISZERO PUSH2 0xF7 JUMPI
ISZERO ISZERO PUSH2 0x2DA JUMPI PUSH1 0x0 DUP1 REVERT JUMPDEST PUSH1
"stateMutability": "nonpayable",
04803603602081101561010e57600080fd5b81019080803573fffffffffffffffffffff
101561007957600080fd5b81019080803573fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff
FFFFFFFFFFFF AND MUL OR SWAP1 SSTORE POP PUSH2 0x3AC DUP1 PUSH2 0x60
0xec DUP9 0xdc PUSH23 0x9500290000000000000000000000000000000000000000
{
CALLDATASIZE SUB PUSH1 0x20 DUP2 LT ISZERO PUSH2 0x10E JUMPI PUSH1 0x0
0x0 CALLVALUE SWAP1 POP DUP1 PUSH1 0x1 PUSH1 0x0 DUP5 PUSH20 0xFFFFFFFFF
"outputs": [],
FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF AND PUSH2 0x8FC DUP3 SWAP1 DUP2 ISZERO MUL
MSTORE PUSH1 0x20 ADD PUSH1 0x0 KECCAK256 DUP2 SWAP1 SSTORE POP POP POP
PUSH1 0x0 KECCAK256 DUP2 SWAP1 SSTORE POP DUP2 PUSH20 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF
SWAP1 PUSH2 0x100 EXP SWAP1 DIV PUSH20 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF
"stateMutability": "view",
SWAP1 SWAP3 SWAP2 SWAP1 POP POP POP PUSH2 0x368 JUMP JUMPDEST PUSH1 0x40
0x10 JUMPI PUSH1 0x0 DUP1 REVERT JUMPDEST POP CALLER PUSH1 0x0 DUP1
0000000000009004806351cff8d914610056578063f340fa01146100a7578063fc7e286
MSTORE PUSH1 0x20 ADD PUSH1 0x0 KECCAK256 DUP2 SWAP1 SSTORE POP DUP2
FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF AND DUP2 MSTORE PUSH1 0x20 ADD SWAP1 DUP2
POP SWAP1 POP SLOAD DUP2 JUMP INVALID LOG1 PUSH6 0x627A7A723058
]
"opcodes": "PUSH1 0x80 PUSH1 0x40 MSTORE CALLVALUE DUP1 ISZERO PUSH2
DUP1 PUSH4 0xF340FA01 EQ PUSH2 0xA7 JUMPI DUP1 PUSH4 0xFC7E286D EQ PUSH2
"payable": false,
[
mapping(address => uint256) public deposits;
SWAP1 PUSH1 0x40 MLOAD PUSH1 0x0 PUSH1 0x40 MLOAD DUP1 DUP4 SUB DUP2
0x40 PUSH1 0x0 KECCAK256 PUSH1 0x0 SWAP2 POP SWAP1 POP SLOAD DUP2 JUMP
fffffff161415156102da57600080fd5b600034905080600160008473ffffffffffffff
AND CALLER PUSH20 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF AND EQ
}
"stateMutability": "payable",
MSTORE PUSH1 0x20 ADD SWAP1 DUP2 MSTORE PUSH1 0x20 ADD PUSH1 0x0
00000000000000000 SWAP1 DIV DUP1 PUSH4 0x51CFF8D9 EQ PUSH2 0x56 JUMPI
}
DUP1 REVERT JUMPDEST DUP2 ADD SWAP1 DUP1 DUP1 CALLDATALOAD PUSH20
50548156fea165627a7a72305820d6fa1114b349521b18dd6efdd04f06c882f1f7984c0
"type": "function"
FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF AND PUSH20 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF
"payable": false,
ffffffffffffffffffffffff16815260200190815260200160002054905060006001600
}
SWAP1 DUP2 ISZERO MUL SWAP1 PUSH1 0x40 MLOAD PUSH1 0x0 PUSH1 0x40 MLOAD
agent = msg.sender;
}
x = 4 5 * 12 +
DUP1 PUSH1 0x0 MSTORE PUSH1 0x40 PUSH1 0x0 KECCAK256 PUSH1 0x0 SWAP2
{
x = 12 + 4 * 5 FFFFFFFFFFFFF AND DUP2 MSTORE PUSH1 0x20 ADD SWAP1 DUP2 MSTORE PUSH1
3ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff021916908373ffffffffffffffffff
d146100eb575b600080fd5b34801561006257600080fd5b506100a56004803603602081
智能合约将陈设在区块链上，区块链是一个漫衍式，去中心化的网络。 ABI（应用措施二进制接口）提供了一种通过网络与智能合约举办交互的尺度要领。 它答允外部应用措施和条约到条约的交互。 开拓人员在其应用措施或DApp（分手式应用措施）中利用ABI来会见智能合约中的要领和成果。
ffffffffffffff1673ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1681526020019
EVM是所谓仓库机的一个例子。与其他基于仓库的编程语言一样，最后输入的是第一个输出的。这是后进先出（LIFO）的观念。它利用零地点名目指令集，个中操纵数始终位于已知位置。这不需要寄存器中的地点，因为仓库中的值是姑且的。因此，当执行操纵时，将“popped”仓库顶部的值，并将功效值“pushed”回仓库中。另一个术语是“反向波兰标记(Reverse Polish Notation)”。 ],
"inputs": [
DUP6 DUP9 DUP9 CALL SWAP4 POP POP POP POP ISZERO DUP1 ISZERO PUSH2 0x27A
"sourceMap": "56:676:0:-;;;331:57;8:9:-1;5:2;;;30:1;27;20:12;5:2;331:57:
],
"name": "deposits",
0x0 REVERT JUMPDEST POP POP POP JUMP JUMPDEST PUSH1 0x0 DUP1 SWAP1
"payable": false,
constructor () public {
0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF AND PUSH20 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF
{
取值4和5，然后相乘，将值弹出仓库，然后将功效乘积放在仓库顶部。 然后取乘积和值12以得到x的总和，然后将值pop仓库。 将总和 x push到仓库顶部。
ISZERO PUSH2 0x27A JUMPI RETURNDATASIZE PUSH1 0x0 DUP1 RETURNDATACOPYFFFFFFFFFF MUL NOT AND SWAP1 DUP4 PUSH20 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF
利用LIFO先进后出观念，仓库机对它的读取方法大不沟通。 在这种环境下，公式将雷同于此示例。ffffffffffffffffff168152602001908152602001600020819055508173fffffffffff
"type": "function"
SWAP1 POP PUSH1 0x0 PUSH1 0x1 PUSH1 0x0 DUP5 PUSH20 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF
"name": "payee",
PUSH1 0x0 DUP1 REVERT JUMPDEST DUP2 ADD SWAP1 DUP1 DUP1 CALLDATALOAD
此刻回到该示例中的智能合约具体信息。当智能合约由EVM陈设并执行时，它此刻位于区块链上。它将变得不行变，同时透明，这意味着它不能直接变动，而且可以被公家看到。智能合约还分派有其本身的地点。在此示例中是：
fffffffffffffffffffff1673ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff163373
DUP5 PUSH20 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF AND PUSH20
"name": "payee",
"type": "function"
],
"outputs": [],
function deposit(address payee) public onlyAgent payable {
payee.transfer(payment);
以下是为此智能合约生成的操纵码。
0xF340FA01 EQ PUSH2 0xA7 JUMPI DUP1 PUSH4 0xFC7E286D EQ PUSH2 0xEB
PUSH1 0x0 DUP1 REVERT JUMPDEST POP PUSH2 0x13A PUSH1 0x4 DUP1
"constant": false,
uint256 amount = msg.value;
PUSH1 0x80 PUSH1 0x40 MSTORE PUSH1 0x4 CALLDATASIZE LT PUSH2 0x51 JUMPI
0x4 DUP1 CALLDATASIZE SUB PUSH1 0x20 DUP2 LT ISZERO PUSH2 0x79 JUMPI
FFFF AND DUP2 MSTORE PUSH1 0x20 ADD SWAP1 DUP2 MSTORE PUSH1 0x20 ADD
FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF AND DUP2 MSTORE PUSH1 0x20 ADD SWAP1 DUP2
6906020019092919050505061027f565b005b3480156100f757600080fd5b5061013a60
FFFFFFFFFFFFFFF AND EQ ISZERO ISZERO PUSH2 0x2DA JUMPI PUSH1 0x0 DUP1
JUMPDEST PUSH2 0xE9 PUSH1 0x4 DUP1 CALLDATASIZE SUB PUSH1 0x20 DUP2 LT
},
"constant": true,
"object": "608060405234801561001057600080fd5b50336000806101000a8154817
FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF AND CALLER PUSH20 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF
JUMP JUMPDEST PUSH1 0x1 PUSH1 0x20 MSTORE DUP1 PUSH1 0x0 MSTORE PUSH1
modifier onlyAgent() {
"type": "address"
0x20 ADD PUSH1 0x0 KECCAK256 SLOAD ADD PUSH1 0x1 PUSH1 0x0 DUP5 PUSH20
00bd57600080fd5b81019080803573ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1
PUSH2 0x100 EXP DUP2 SLOAD DUP2 PUSH20 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF
MLOAD DUP1 SWAP2 SUB SWAP1 RETURN JUMPDEST PUSH1 0x0 DUP1 SWAP1 SLOAD
function withdraw(address payable payee) public onlyAgent {
0x0 PUSH1 0x1 PUSH1 0x0 DUP4 PUSH20 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF
"stateMutability": "nonpayable",
{
FFFFFFF AND PUSH20 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF AND DUP2
FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF AND PUSH20 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF
DUP1 DUP4 SUB DUP2 DUP6 DUP9 DUP9 CALL SWAP4 POP POP POP POP ISZERO DUP1
"linkReferences": {},
0x1 PUSH1 0x0 DUP5 PUSH20 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF
uint256 payment = deposits[payee];
FFFFFFFFFFFFFFF AND PUSH20 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF
ffffffffffffffffffffffffff1673ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1
{
PUSH20 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF AND DUP2 MSTORE PUSH1
该智能合约已陈设在测试系统上，可是假如智能合约已陈设到以太坊区块链上的主网，则可以利用区块欣赏器举办搜索。 个中包括有关智能合约的更多具体信息，包罗余额，以太代价和合约建设者的民众地点。 所有生意业务也都按其生意业务哈希值列出和搜索。
},
}
SLOAD SWAP1 PUSH2 0x100 EXP SWAP1 DIV PUSH20 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF
"type": "address"
deposits[payee] = 0;
fffffffffffffffffffffffffffff166108fc8290811502906040516000604051808303
ISZERO PUSH2 0x1AB JUMPI PUSH1 0x0 DUP1 REVERT JUMPDEST PUSH1 0x0 PUSH1
"name": "deposit",
MLOAD DUP1 DUP3 DUP2 MSTORE PUSH1 0x20 ADD SWAP2 POP POP PUSH1 0x40
AND SWAP1 PUSH1 0x20 ADD SWAP1 SWAP3 SWAP2 SWAP1 POP POP POP PUSH2
"outputs": [
从挪用仓库中读取的方法为：
PUSH1 0x0 CALLDATALOAD PUSH29 0x1000000000000000000000000000000000000000
"type": "uint256"
ADD SWAP1 SWAP3 SWAP2 SWAP1 POP POP POP PUSH2 0x150 JUMP JUMPDEST STOP
SWAP1 SWAP3 SWAP2 SWAP1 POP POP POP PUSH2 0x368 JUMP JUMPDEST PUSH1
PUSH20 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF AND PUSH2 0x8FC DUP3
PUSH1 0x0 CODECOPY PUSH1 0x0 RETURN INVALID PUSH1 0x80 PUSH1 0x40
fffff169060200190929190505050610150565b005b6100e96004803603602081101561
AND CALLER PUSH20 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF AND EQ
}
PUSH1 0x0 DUP1 REVERT JUMPDEST POP PUSH2 0x13A PUSH1 0x4 DUP1
},
"type": "address"
ffffffffffffffffffffff1602179055506103ac806100606000396000f3fe608060405
require(msg.sender == agent);
INVALID LOG1 PUSH6 0x627A7A723058 KECCAK256 0xd6 STATICCALL GT EQ 0xb3
contract Escrow {
PUSH20 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF AND SWAP1 PUSH1 0x20
将智能合约陈设到区块链后，EVM将在字节码中执行编译后的代码的操纵码。假如成果需要变动区块链的状态，则将向条约所有者收取称为gas（以wei为单元）的计较单元。这些本钱遵循以太坊协议，该协议要求在整个网络上耗费计较本钱，这是付出给矿工的用度，矿工将验证放入区块中的生意业务。简朴的挪用函数不需要变动区块链的状态，不会耗损gas，这是免费的。一个例子是对智能合约中的储值举办余额查询。
}
PUSH2 0x62 JUMPI PUSH1 0x0 DUP1 REVERT JUMPDEST POP PUSH2 0xA5 PUSH1
KECCAK256 SLOAD SWAP1 POP PUSH1 0x0 PUSH1 0x1 PUSH1 0x0 DUP5 PUSH20
"inputs": [],
08152602001600020819055505050565b60016020528060005260406000206000915090
0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF AND SWAP1 PUSH1 0x20 ADD
ISZERO PUSH2 0xBD JUMPI PUSH1 0x0 DUP1 REVERT JUMPDEST DUP2 ADD SWAP1
0x0 DUP1 SWAP1 SLOAD SWAP1 PUSH2 0x100 EXP SWAP1 DIV PUSH20
ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff163373fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff
08473ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1673ffffffffffffffffffffff
}
PUSH29 0x100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
"name": "",
凡是环境下，这个方程的内容是：
KECCAK256 0xd6 STATICCALL GT EQ 0xb3 0x49 MSTORE SHL XOR 0xdd PUSH15
ADD SWAP1 SWAP3 SWAP2 SWAP1 POP POP POP PUSH2 0x150 JUMP JUMPDEST STOP
_;
681526020019081526020016000205401600160008473ffffffffffffffffffffffffff
ISZERO PUSH2 0xBD JUMPI PUSH1 0x0 DUP1 REVERT JUMPDEST DUP2 ADD SWAP1
PUSH1 0x0 DUP1 REVERT JUMPDEST DUP2 ADD SWAP1 DUP1 DUP1 CALLDATALOAD
address agent;
0x692a70d2e424a56d2c6c27aa97d1a86395877b3a
0x1 PUSH1 0x0 DUP4 PUSH20 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF AND
],
PUSH20 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF AND SWAP1 PUSH1 0x20
4829d2400baec88dc76950029",
{
MSTORE PUSH1 0x4 CALLDATASIZE LT PUSH2 0x51 JUMPI PUSH1 0x0 CALLDATALOAD
DUP1 DUP1 CALLDATALOAD PUSH20 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF
DUP1 REVERT JUMPDEST DUP2 ADD SWAP1 DUP1 DUP1 CALLDATALOAD PUSH20
ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff161415156101ab57600080fd5b60006
}
JUMPI RETURNDATASIZE PUSH1 0x0 DUP1 RETURNDATACOPY RETURNDATASIZE PUSH1
EVM（以太坊虚拟机）在以太坊区块链上提供了操纵系统运行时情况。智能合约中的实体代码必需经验从高级人类可读代码到初级呆板可读代码的转换。这需要将文本转换为十六进制值，从而将代码转换为bytecode。bytecode由编译器生成。然后，字节码由EVM处理惩罚并在网络上执行。EVM可以构建在FPGA（现场可编程阵列）或基于仓库的CPU之上。它提供了一个抽象层，答允代码跨漫衍式平台（譬喻以太坊网络）举办可移植性。
CALLER PUSH20 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF AND EQ ISZERO在这两种环境下，我们为此操纵得到的功效均为32。将数据放入挪用仓库的操纵利用的是PUSH要领，而删除数据的操纵称为POP要领。
SWAP1 DIV DUP1 PUSH4 0x51CFF8D9 EQ PUSH2 0x56 JUMPI DUP1 PUSH4
JUMPI JUMPDEST PUSH1 0x0 DUP1 REVERT JUMPDEST CALLVALUE DUP1 ISZERO
260043610610051576000357c0100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
{
0x49 MSTORE SHL XOR 0xdd PUSH15 0xFDD04F06C882F1F7984C04829D2400 0xba
郑重声明：本文版权归原作者所有，转载文章仅为传播更多信息之目的，如作者信息标记有误，请第一时间联系我们修改或删除，多谢。
